Online Communication

Online Communication is used every day in most of our lives. We communicate with family, friends, colleagues, etc via Social Network Sites and Email. Our Employers use Online Communication to relay messages, train in product lines and hold meetings just to name a few. Just like our Employers and ourselves, colleges have begun to offer online education to its students. This form of learning enables the students to enroll in a class and do assignments, reading, writing, and tests via online communication. There are two benefits to online learning.The most important benefit of online learning is the flexibility that is given to the student taking the class. In this day and time there are many people working full time jobs, raising children and still pursuing a degree. Online education provides the ability for the student to study, test, write, etc on their time. The online student doesn’t have to rework his/her work schedule since they can proceed through the course at their pace and on their time. Flexibility is the most important benefit of online learning. The second benefit of online learning is the knowledge the student is getting of the computer.Not only is the student learning the coursework they are enrolled in but they are also learning how to maneuver the computer and its processes. Since every business, company, school, etc uses computers then it is important that all university students develop a decent knowledge of the computer. This can be done in an online course. Flexibility and Knowledge are just two benefits of online learning. Having a flexible school schedule and learning the basic uses of computers and the course programs are just a few of the benefits of taking an online class.

Qualitatively Compare The Problem Solving Behavior Education Essay

The intent of this survey is to depict and to qualitatively compare the job work outing behaviour of immature schooled sellers in informal and formal scenes. Ten sellers were consistently selected from a purposive population of 25 sellers in two unfastened markets in Beirut. Sellers in the sample varied in schooling, age, and peddling experiences. Ethnographic instance survey was the general methodological attack for this survey. Four methods of roll uping informations were used: Participant observation, interviewing, aggregation of artefacts, and analysis of papers. Interviews ranged from informal conversations, to semi-structured interviews, to formal interviews Two hebdomads after the semi-structured interviews and based on minutess executed by the topics in the informal scene, a formal trial was administered. Items of the formal trial were presented as either calculation exercises or as word jobs. Upon completion of the formal trial, each topic was asked to explicate processs use d in job resolution. All interviews were taped and transcribed for analysis. The process used for informations analysis was analytic initiation which involved scanning the information for classs and for relationships among these classs. Upon comparing the job work outing behaviours of sellers across informal and formal scenes, two findings emerged. First, sellers employed computational schemes in the informal scene which are different from those used when work outing calculation exercisings in the formal scene. Second, the intuitive computational schemes that topics used in the informal scene were indistinguishable to those employed when work outing word jobs and were associated with a higher success rate than computational schemes used when work outing calculation exercisings in the formal scene. The consequences were discussed and interpreted utilizing Vergnaud ‘s theoretical account and knowledge in pattern theory. The consequences were similar to findings of a figure of re levant empirical research surveies. Deductions and recommendations for instruction were presented along with suggestions for farther research.ContextAccomplishment in schools has been diminishing steadily in many states. In peculiar, the U.S.A and some European states have shown in the last 30 old ages a diminution in school accomplishment in mathematics ( Millroy, 1992 ) . In Lebanon there is a concern about the detrimental effects of exam-driven direction and peculiarly that of mathematical job resolution ( Osta, 1997 ) . Failing every bit good as non being able to cover the disbursals are major causes of dropping out- of school. With no other beginning of support, pupils have to work to back up themselves and their households therefore work in what has been called the â€Å" informal sector of the economic system † . In his book, The Other Path, the Peruvian economic expert, Hernando de Soto, gives a absorbing history of how Peru ‘s informal economic system was created by illiterate provincials who were excluded from take parting in the formal economic system. He describes how the informals responded by making markets to back up themselves with merely limited resources. By forming themselves and voluntarily obeying their ain regulations and norms, they created a subculture that socially and economically outstanding. In most states where the phenomenon of informal economic system prevails, Street peddling is considered as one of the most popular professions that kids pattern. In many developed and developing states, the phenomenon of street peddling or market kids has been broad spreading. In this survey, we are chiefly interested in sing the instance of Lebanon and India. Street Children in India India is the 7th largest state in the universe with the largest population of street kids. They work as porters on coach and railroad Stationss, mechanics in car fix stores, sellers of tea, nutrient or handmade goods, seamsters, ragpickers who pick useable points from refuse. Harmonizing to the Civil Society forum study, it has a big and quickly turning population of 1.027 billion of which 40 % are under 18 ( 1/3 of the entire population are under age15 ) . In 2001, the rate of urbanisation was 28.77 % . The accelerated gait of industrialisation and urbanisation in the state has disrupted the household life and has compelled tribal and rural people to migrate to large metropoliss. Migration from rural to urban countries ( in hunt of employment ) has resulted in the rapid growing of the urban population and about 29 % of the entire population lives in urban countries. There are some negative effects of the urban roar. One of the negative effects is the being of a big proportion of the urban hapless life in slums and jhopad-patties or thatched huts ( Phillips, 1994 ) . An norm of 50 % of the urban population lives in conditions of utmost want – compounded by deficiency of entree to basic services, legal lodging and hapless urban administration. In add-on, Agrawal ( 1999 ) found that about 90 per centum of the employment in the state is in unorganised and informal sectors. Literacy degrees are still low. Handiness and installations for instruction and societal substructure is instead unequal to run into the demands of a turning population. â€Å" Even now 2.6 per centum of the kids in the urban countries and 3.5 per centum in rural countries have ne'er attended school † ( Agrawal, 1999, p.24 ) . As the consequence, the figure of street kids in India is swelling. Harmonizing to UNICEF ‘s appraisal, there are about 11 million street kids in India ( 1994 ) . These figures are considered to be conservative. An estimated 100,000-125,000 street kids live in Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi, with 45,000 in Bangalore. Harmonizing to old surveies about street kids in India, bulk of the street kids who are of school-going age and even over school-going-age are kids who have ne'er been to schools. The increasing figure of street kids may hold an impact on India ‘s economic system. Arbind Singh, coordinator, National Alliance of Street Vendors of India, outlined the part of street sellers to the local economic system. Street Children in Lebanon After World War II and the creative activity of Israel province in 1948, 1000s of Palestinian refugees entered Lebanon, many settling in Beirut. Seventeen refugee cantonments are spread all over Lebanon, the most dumbly populated are those found in Beirut. In 1964 and late in 1994, the Lebanese authorities has passed two edicts which outlined the conditions of work for aliens populating in Lebanon. As alien refugees, the Palestinians are barred from working in over 70 professions. This deficiency of employment chance for the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon has created a annihilating economic status. ( O §U„U‚O §U† U?U†  O §U„U„O?U† O §U† US ) In 1978, and after the Israeli business to Southern Lebanon, many Lebanese fled to the capital Beirut and settled following to the Palestinian refugee cantonments. Through out the refugees ‘ cantonments, more than 60 % of both Lebanese and Palestinians live below the poorness line. Children suffer greatly- born into cantonments as refugees, they have lived no other manner. In many instances, neither have their parents. Life without equal schools, wellness attention, nutrition or shelter becomes the norm. Palestinian arabs can non fall in any professional associations- relegated to the unskilled and informal labor markets, they compete with 50,000 Egyptian and one million Syrian. In add-on to employment and belongings limitations, authorities bars them from inscribing their kids in Public schools. ) United Nations Human Rights System, 2002 ) For some clip, pedagogues who have studied school accomplishment in rural and urban communities have recognized that kids do good in their day-to-day life and so turn as successful citizens, in malice of their hapless public presentation in school mathematics ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) . For illustration, Saxe ( 1988 ) showed that Brazilian confect Sellerss with small or no schooling, can develop in the merchandising experience arithmetic patterns that differ from the arithmetic taught in schools and that are associated with a high success rate. Increasingly, pedagogues have found the cultural milieus of kids to be a factor impacting their accomplishment in school mathematics ( Dawe, 1988 ) , supplying support to the hypothesis that cognitive power, larning capablenesss, and attitudes towards larning are closely related to cultural background ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) to which Millroy ( 1992 ) , adds a socio-political dimension that may make larning barriers impacting peculiarly kids from disad vantaged groups. Outside the school environment, the public presentation of low-achieving kids and grownups in schools is frequently successful. Both kids and grownups perform â€Å" mathematically † good in their out-of-school environment: numeration, measurement, work outing jobs and pulling decisions utilizing techniques of explicating, understanding and get bying with their environment that they have learned in their cultural scene ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) . These patterns have been generated or learned by their ascendants, transmitted through coevalss, modified through a procedure of cultural kineticss and learned in a more insouciant and less formal manner than school mathematics. It is the ancestral cognition of the groups. It is the â€Å" ethnomathematics † . ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) Ethnomathematics develops largely when there is a disagreement between people ‘s demand for job resolution and the sum of mathematics they have learned in school i.e. when people become involved in undertakings necessitating job work outing accomplishments that are non learned in school ( Nunes, Schliemann & A ; Carraher, 1993 ) . It has been suggested that there are informal ways of making arithmetic computations that have small to make with the processs taught in school ( Carraher & A ; Carraher, 1985 ) . Besides surveies have documented differences across groups as a map of their degree of schooling. However, it is rather possible that the same differences between â€Å" street † and school arithmetic could be within persons. In other words, it might be the instance that the same individual could work out jobs sometimes in formal, and at other times, in informal ways. This seems peculiarly likely with kids who frequently have to make mathematical computations outside school that may be beyond the degree of their cognition of school algorithms. It seems rather possible that these kids might hold trouble with modus operandis learned at school and yet at the same clip are able to work out, by more effectual ways, the jobs for which these modus operandis were devised. One manner to research this thought is to look at kids who have to do frequent and rather complex computations outside school. The kids who sell things in street markets in Beirut organize one such group.PurposesWhile the short term purpose of the present instance survey is to look into the utilizations of math by a sample of immature schooled sellers in the streets of Beirut who use math in their occupations, its long term purpose is to be transferred and replicated in India. Specifically, the intent of this survey is to: 1. Describe the job work outing behavior of a sample of 10 immature street sellers in informal and formal scenes in Beirut. 2. Compare qualitatively the job work outing behavior of the sample in informal and formal scenes in Beirut.RationaleOur purpose is to analyze the mathematical patterns and schemes that develop out of street sellers day-to-day activities, to admit their strengths and to see their failings, as chances to negociate broader apprehensions of what counts a mathematics. Millroy ( 1992 ) has stated that â€Å" an recognition of these factors [ the societal, cultural and political facets of math ] would promote a broader conceptualisation of math and may get down a procedure whereby math could be seen as an active experience, accessible to all people † . ( p.50 ) Second, the consequences of this survey may lend to the turning organic structure of research in â€Å" mundane knowledge † or â€Å" knowledge in pattern † by analyzing the job work outing behaviour of the same group in two distinguishable scenes. Very few surveies investigated the ways in which the arithmetic cognition is learned outside school. In analyzing the arithmetic of Liberian seamsters, Lave ( 1988 ) proposed that there were two qualitatively different manners of making arithmetic. The untaught seamsters used a â€Å" use of measures † attack, an unwritten context-based manner of working with Numberss in contrast to the â€Å" use of symbols † attack employed by their schooled counter parts. It is possible that such different manners of making arithmetic may be found within the same persons particularly if they use math in every twenty-four hours work scenes ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . If so, it may be utile to depict and compare the utilizations of math by the same group in the context-based ( informal ) and school-based ( formal ) scenes. Third, the comparing of informal and formal processs in arithmetic, that is the manner people manipulate Numberss in work outing add-on, minus, generation and division jobs is a natural starting point for research for several grounds. D'ambrosio ( 1992 ) claims that arithmetic is a really simple facet of math. Another ground is that concluding about Numberss is portion of mundane experience every bit good as portion of the formal subject of math ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . On the other manus, Lave et Al. ( 1990 ) province that one of the several grounds for concentrating on arithmetic was that â€Å" arithmetic activity has formal belongingss which make it identifiable in the flow of experience in many different state of affairss † ( cited in Millroy, 1992, p.6 ) and Lave ( 1988 ) states that â€Å" it ( arithmetic ) has a extremely structured and incorrigible vocabulary, easy recognizable in the class of on-going activity † . ( p.5 )Significance FOR EducationThe present survey is important for three chief grounds. First, it represents the first effort in Lebanon to analyse the mathematical job work outing behavior of kids outside the confines of the schoolroom utilizing a qualitative attack. Second, it surveies the public presentation of schooled kids across two different contexts. Third, it contributes to the turning organic structure of research on larning in footings of â€Å" Apprenticeship † theoretical account of direction. Through garnering grounds that could be seen as a challenge to the conventional definition of math, mathematical activity can be seen as interlacing with mundane pattern outside the academic formal scenes. This, in bend, could open new positions for farther research into other theoretical accounts of learning and larning since â€Å" for old ages, math pedagogues and research workers in math instruction have focused on the schoolroom as the primary scene in which math acquisition takes topographic point † ( N unes et al, 1993, p. 557 ) . Another part from this work concerns instructors. The elaborate description and comparing of job work outing behavior of schooled sellers in work and school scenes may supply penetrations for instructors into their pupils ‘ degree of mathematical apprehension. By making chances for pupils ‘ job work outing activities in practical contexts, instructors might bring forth quandary to excite pupils ‘ innovation, find, and understanding in forms of activity. For, job work outing that relies to a great extent on the acquisition of regulations can be frequently â€Å" plagued † with bugged ( consistent mistake ) algorithms. If pupils can come to understand the regulations through conceive ofing situational contexts, they may be able to beef up their apprehension of these regulations. A farther practical value of this survey is the proposal it offers to curriculum developers on how to show mathematical constructs. In a school context, a mathematical construct is normally described and explained by raising the criterion algorithm for its computation. The analysis of the job work outing behaviors of sellers in work contexts may supply course of study developers with alternate and more effectual ways of showing mathematical constructs.LITERATURE REVIEWA good trade of involvement has been generated late by grounds that untaught individuals solve mundane math jobs successfully utilizing invented schemes and that many schooled individuals work out every twenty-four hours math jobs utilizing schemes different from those learned in school ( Carraher et al. , 1985 ; Saxe, 1991 ) . For many old ages, math instruction research workers have questioned the math that is generated and used outside of establishments of acquisition ( Millroy, 1992 ) . This is the math that allows untaught and sometimes illiterate people to pattern trades and trades, behavior concern minutess and do their lifes in a assortment of ways. This mathematical activity has been called â€Å" informal † math ( Ginsburg, 1988 ) or â€Å" mundane † math ( Lave, 1988 ) or â€Å" ethnomath † ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) , or even â€Å" street † math ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . Several parts to the literature on informal math can be grouped into two categories of surveies: ( a ) work that aims at depicting informal math used in Western civilizations and ( B ) work that aims at depicting non-Western autochthonal signifiers of math bing in civilizations, where no systematic transmittal in school prevails ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . A good part of the work on informal math in Western civilizations focal points on immature kids and simple arithmetic. Several of import parts to our cognition of simple arithmetic in preschool old ages were made by Ginsburg ( 1988 ) who demonstrates that when kids learn a numeration system and understand it good, they can so contrive ways of utilizing it to work out arithmetic jobs through numeration and decomposition. A 2nd group of surveies on informal math in Western civilizations focal points on math used outside school by grownups, non by kids. This line of probe has shown that it is one thing to larn formal math in school and rather another to work out math jobs intertwined in mundane activities â€Å" Whether it is inventory taking at work or shopping or ciphering Calories in cookery, school math does non play a really of import function † ( Nunes et al. , 1993, p. 3 ) . Hence, the thought prevails that informal math has its ain signifiers that are versions to the ends and conditions of the activities. On the other manus, work on non-Western math showed that several groups of people who learn numeracy without schooling, use their autochthonal numbering systems to work out arithmetic jobs through numeration, decomposition, and reorganizing ( Gay & A ; Cole, 1967 ; Ginsburg, 1988 ) . For illustration, Gay and Cole ( 1967 ) study that the Kpelle people of Liberia used rocks as support in work outing arithmetic jobs and could work out add-on and minus jobs utilizing Numberss up to 30 or 40 with truth. Beyond that, their method became boring, and people tended to think the figure instead than give an exact reply. Several surveies ( Carraher et al. , 1985 ; Ginsburg, 1988 ) seem to bespeak that school-learned algorithms may non be people ‘s preferred ways for work outing numerical jobs outside the schoolroom. This observation seems to be true of kids with changing grades of schooling ( Carraher et al. , 1985 ) , grownups with an simple and secondary instruction and kids up to fifth class in both the United States and the Ivory Coast ( Ginsburg, 1988 ) . Carraher et Al. ( 1985 ) have suggested that the state of affairs in which arithmetic jobs are solved may hold an of import function in arousing different types of schemes ; school state of affairss tend to arouse school-taught processs, and out-of-school state of affairss are more likely to give rise to informal processs. In their survey, five kids, aged 9 to 15 old ages and with assorted degrees of schooling ( first to eight class ) , were asked to work out arithmetic jobs in the class of their work as market or street-vendors and in a school-like scene. Their public presentation in the natural state of affairs was significantly better than their public presentation in the school-like scene. Furthermore, their attacks to job work outing varied across state of affairss ; school-like jobs were more likely to be solved through resort to the school algorithms whereas the natural state of affairs gave rise to a assortment of informal processs that were extremely improbable to hold been learned at school. These consequences have motivated farther probe of the consequence of the state of affairs on the problem-solving processs since many differences exist between the scenes under consideration. Several possible accounts for the differences in public presentation observed in the informal and formal trials were suggested. In peculiar, Nunes et Al. ( 1993 ) present two types of theory that could explicate these consequences. One emphasizing the social-interaction facets of the state of affairs and a 2nd emphasizing the social-cognitive facets. Informal math has frequently been treated in the literature as â€Å" lesser † math affecting â€Å" idiosyncratic, intuitive, child-like processs, techniques that did non let for generalisation and should therefore be eliminated in the schoolroom through carefully designed direction. † ( Nunes et al. , 1993, p.19 ) . However, there are many calls that legitimize the signifiers of cognition associated with out-of-school patterns.MethodologyPopulation and SampleThe population of this instance survey consists of immature schooled sellers in two unfastened markets in Beirut who had at least three old ages of schooling and three months of peddling experience. The method used for choosing the sample is purposive sampling. The ground for taking this method was merely because peculiar sellers, whose features were known and dictated by the survey before trying, were intentionally chosen in order to fit and ease the survey. Ten sellers were purposively chosen from two market scenes in Beirut, viz. : Haret Hreik and Sabra. Sellers in the sample varied in old ages of schooling ( three to seven old ages ) , in age ( 10 to 16 old ages ) , and peddling experience ( one to eight old ages ) . Four of the sellers worked entirely while the other six helped their male parents or neighbours. Merely three were wholly responsible for buying the green goods at sweeping market and pricing it for selling. Since competition was normally high in these unfastened markets, the sellers would invariably be obliged to revise and alter their merchandising monetary values out of the blue even during the same twenty-four hours. Of the 10 topics, six had complete freedom in altering the monetary values of the green goods they were selling, while invariably revising their net income and loss. Sellers devoted long clip for their work: Seven topics worked from six to seven yearss per hebdomad with a mean of 10 hours per twenty-four hours ; whereas, the other three topics, still go toing school, worked after school and during holidaies. Failure was the basic ground for topics dropping out from school. Seven topics were out-of-school during the clip of the survey, six had dropped school because they merely had failed and repeated categories and merely one had to discontinue and work to back up his household. During the class of their day-to-day work, the topics were involved in minutess that required them to mentally work out a big figure of mathematical jobs without the usage of reckoners or even paper and pencil.DesignAn ethnographic instance survey attack was adopted as the chief methodological analysis. The delimited unit being the job work outing behaviour of immature street sellers in two unfastened markets: Sabra and Haret Hreik. These two markets are located in comparatively dumbly populated vicinities in Beirut. The two countries attract a big figure of migratory workers who live at the nearby cantonments. These workers come from a low socio-economic background where household members, including kids, usually work to back up the household. Both are unfastened markets for selling fruits and veggies in fixed booths whose roofs are fundamentally covered with corrugated sheets of Fe, weighted with blocks of rocks and held by thin wooden and Fe supports. The architecture of this roof helps to shadow and protect the sellers and their green goods from rain and direct sunshine. Inside the markets, sellers have wooden tabular arraies, each at his ain topographic point, on which fruits and veggies are exhibited. Other sellers who stand on the boundary lines of the market have their ain p assenger cars, each shaded by an umbrella. Photographs of the sellers and the two markets are provided and are used as informations beginnings ( Merriam, 1998 ) . ( See Appendix A ) . A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods is undertaken. The general methodological attack in the informal scene was to carry on realistic observation of the topics at work in both markets and to observe their job work outing behaviour on the arithmetic undertakings encountered during their day-to-day pattern as sellers. In the formal scene, a formal trial was administered and the job work outing behaviour of topics was studied from worksheets and transcribed audio-taped interviews.DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUESIn an effort to beef up dependability of findings ( Merriam, 1998, Yin, 2003 ) , informations was triangulated utilizing four methods of roll uping grounds from multiple beginnings: participant observation, interviewing, analysis of paperss, and Collecting artefacts.Participant ObservationTo acquire a instead emic position on the phenomenon of street peddling, the research worker posed as client asked inquiries on the monetary values of fruits and veggies for a purchase or a p ossible purchase. During observations, interactions with the sellers every bit good as sellers ‘ interactions with other clients were recorded.Interviewing and TestingInterviews ranged from informal conversations, to semi-structured, to formal-structured interviews which were preceded by a formal trial. Informal conversation. These conversations took topographic point the first two hebdomads of the survey. They consisted, basically, of general and open-ended inquiries that would do the capable start speaking about his life. The 2nd type involved instead specific inquiries, a book of which is provided in Appendix B. The chief intent of these conversations was to acquire to cognize the topics better, to obtain information about their age, degree of schooling, nationality, and residence. Semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured interviews were administered in Arabic, the native linguistic communication of the topics and the verbal responses were taped-recorded along with topics ‘ accounts of the processs used for obtaining the reply. A book of the semi-structured interviews is provided in Appendix C. It is deserving adverting here that though inquiries posed in these interviews were comparatively formulated following a general guideline, they were besides generated in the natural scene and were non identified prior to questioning. Formal trial. Upon transcribing informations from the semi-structured interviews, conversations with the topics were separated from minutess. The points of the formal trial were therefore extracted from the minutess executed by topics in an effort to accomplish a sell or a possible sell. In this manner, each operation performed by a topic in the semi-structured interviews was chosen as an point to be included in the formal trial taken by that topic. Problems were presented as either calculation exercises or as word jobs. After transforming the minutess into mathematical operations exercisings, points were chosen indiscriminately for each topic to be presented as word jobs. Problems involved different contexts such as minutess with different currencies, $ and L.L, measurings and weights. A book for word jobs is provided in Appendix E. The formal trial was administered a twosome of hebdomads after the semi-structured interviews, formal-structured interviews were scheduled. The formal trial took topographic point in the market or at the topics ‘ places. It is formal in the sense that it took topographic point in a formal, school-like scene where topics were given documents and pencils and were asked to execute a school-like undertaking while sitting at a tabular array. Formal-structured interviews. Upon completion of every trial point in the formal trial, each topic was interviewed and unwritten accounts of the processs used in job work outing were taped.Roll uping artefactsThis method involved roll uping anything a community makes and uses which reflects their experiences and patterns. The artefacts gathered consisted of exposures of topics at work visualizing the manner these topics exhibited their merchandises and the weights and graduated tables used, in order to demo the natural state of affairs that provided intending for their job work outing behaviour. Besides, specimen of documents on which topics wrote their computations was collected. ( See Appendix D )Analysis of paperssStatistical national and international records from international organisations ( UNICEF and UN ) every bit good as official and legal paperss from the Lebanese authorities were examined.AnalysisData consisting of descriptive and brooding field notes, transcribed taped i nterviews every bit good as job solutions were read and reread several times. The chief intent for scanning the information was to guarantee its completeness and to enter important observations that helped in establishing the analysis procedure. Careful scanning of the informations resulted in sketching a general and preliminary model for screening these informations. This categorization was chiefly based on the computations carried out by topics in discernible manners in both scenes during job work outing and their accounts for responses. As an initial measure in the procedure of analysis, Eisenhart ( 1988 ) emphasized the constitution of â€Å" meaningful † units of analysis harmonizing to which ascertained phenomena were divided and forms and regularities evolved in the sellers ‘ job work outing behaviour. Similarities and differences between forms of behaviour were delineated and finally major classs emerged stressing wide lineations of sellers ‘ job work outing behaviour. Relevant balls of informations were assembled to suit these classs and extra classs were formed to include â€Å" negative † cases which did non suit the general model. Finally, by comparing and fiting these classs and subcategories and mentioning to field notes, â€Å" consistent integral strategies † for sorting and categorising job work outing behaviour of sellers in both scenes, started to emerge. At this point, informations were categorized and consequences were produced.SUMMARY OF RESULTSUpon analysing the j ob work outing behaviour of street sellers in formal and informal scenes, three major findings emerged. First, when work outing the three types of jobs: jobs in the informal work scene ; calculation exercises ; and word jobs, three heuristics, three computational schemes, and eleven computational substrategies were used by the sellers. These heuristics, computational schemes and substrategies involved a combination of standard school-taught algorithms and nonstandard processs invented by the sellers. Sellers in the informal scene solved proportion jobs through building-up heuristic which constituted 66 % of the heuristics employed and was associated with a high success rate viz. 92 % . Besides, sellers attempted add-on, generation, and minus jobs utilizing informal, intuitive computational schemes, the most frequent of which was decomposition which represented 62 % of the computational schemes employed and which elicited high per centum of right responses, viz. 89 % . Second, sellers in the formal scene used formal computational schemes ( combination of traditional and idiosyncratic algorithms ) for work outing calculation exercisings that were different from the informal computational schemes used for work outing word jobs. For 81 % of sellers ‘ computational schemes when work outing calculation exercisings were formal whereas 78 % of the computational schemes used for work outing word jobs were informal. Informal computational schemes were associated with a high success rate on both types of jobs ; 85 % for calculation exercisings and 82 % when work outing word jobs. However, utilizing formal computational schemes, this success rate decreased well when work outing calculation exercisings ( 46 % ) and increased when work outing word jobs ( 91 % ) . Third, sellers employed computational schemes in the informal scene that were indistinguishable to those used when work outing word jobs but were qualitatively different from the computational sc hemes used for work outing calculation exercisings. For, the informal, intuitive computational schemes were entirely used by the sellers in the informal scene and represented 78 % of the computational schemes in word jobs, whereas 81 % of sellers computational schemes when work outing calculation exercisings were formal ( combination of traditional and idiosyncratic algorithms ) . Besides, informal, intuitive computational schemes were associated with a high success rate across scenes whereas the formal computational schemes elicited high success rate, 91 % , merely on word jobs. One of the deductions drawn was that applied jobs were much easier and meaningful than pure calculation exercisings. Besides, the presence of existent objects could non by any ground cut down the complexness of the mathematical jobs posed and therefore lend to this comparative success in the market, since public presentation on word jobs was well high.INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSTheoretical models that were pr oposed by cognitive developmental theoreticians, specifically the plants of Vygotsky and Piaget, may, to a big extent, explicate within and across single differences in public presentation in the informal and formal scenes. Vergnaud ( 1988 ) has developed a theoretical theoretical account of constructs which may explicate the usage of heuristics every bit good as differences in computational schemes within and across groups and scenes. Vergnaud ‘s theoretical account is based upon the thought that concepts ever affect three facets: invariants, representations, and state of affairss. A possible reading for this difference in computational schemes use could be the differential impact of the state of affairss that elicited such computational schemes. The informal computational schemes that were employed in meaningful peddling state of affairss required apprehension and their usage by the topics developed understanding. It was an apprehension of Numberss and figure system develope d within a larger context, a context of meaningful and sensible relationships. But the formal schemes were instead more symbolic, restricted merely to meaningless representations that messed up the topics ‘ public presentation and led to uncertainness and confusion.IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONThe most of import deduction that can be extracted from this survey is the new construct about what counts as math in general and arithmetic in peculiar. Math is intuitive, realistic, subjective, and can be used as a tool for carry throughing purposive activities. In this regard, the consequences of this survey confirm the position that math, specifically arithmetic, is non an abstract organic structure of regulations but instead can be invented by the people.Deductions for TeachingThis survey has provided grounds that kids can contrive job work outing schemes for work outing add-on, minus, generation, and simple proportion jobs which may non hold been taught to them in school. Teachers cou ld ease more meaningful acquisition by set uping links between kids ‘s intuitive schemes and the traditional algorithms. Besides, Students can outdo larn a construct when they have experienced for themselves manifestations of that construct. A 3rd deduction for instruction is the fact that pupils ‘ mistakes can be valuable portion of the acquisition procedure because they can supply information about pupils ‘ apprehensionsDeduction for Curriculum DevelopersOne direct deduction of this survey to curriculum development is the designing of course of study around primary constructs and showing it in a whole-part attack as suggested by constructivists ( Brooks & A ; Brooks, 1993 ) . The sellers ‘ informal computational schemes were holistic in that they dealt with complete Numberss instead than single figures and they worked from left to compensate, continuing the significance and topographic point value of Numberss. Showing mathematical content and structuring jo bs around â€Å" large † thoughts can supply chances for pupils every bit good as instructors to get constituent accomplishments, gather more information, and therefore construct mathematical constructs for, â€Å" with course of study activities clustered around wide constructs, pupils can choose their ain unique job work outing attacks and utilize them as spring boards for the building of new apprehensions † ( Brooks & A ; Brooks, 1993, p.47 ) . The consequences of this survey have generated a figure of inquiries that are deserving sing for farther research. Possibly, the most important inquiry is the manner in which school larning interacts with the sorts of understandings kids generate through their engagement in every twenty-four hours cultural patterns. Despite the importance of this inquiry, we have small empirical research in this country. Besides, depicting and comparing the job work outing behaviour of sellers in informal and formal scenes have triggered the digesting inquiries about what a mathematical construct is and what it means to work out a job in nonacademic scenes. It may be interesting to retroflex this survey on different mathematical constructs and with a different group of learners and to compare the job work outing behaviours across contexts. Further research in support of the thought of people ‘s practical theorems, or Vergnaud ‘s theorems-in-action should be conducted. We likely need to develop adept ways for depicting different kinds of inexplicit cognition and find the range of intuitive job work outing behaviour.POSSIBILITIES FOR REPLICATION IN INDIAWhile our chief focal point in this instance survey was to analyze the job work outing behavior of street kids in Beirut, we are interested in widening it to India. However, we are cognizant of certain challenges including those pertinent to linguistic communication as different linguistic communications are spoken by kids in assorted metropoliss in India. Besides, the gender function differences will be present. Girls are required to get married early and boys remain on the streets longer. Beging by households is common excessively. The Torahs do non allow kids to set up little boxes to sell their wares so they run when they see police coming. There is a surc harge to be paid to the authorities to put up little booths to sell their wares. Besides, there are specific countries that these kids can sell their goods. Most times they are selling and puting up their boxes where it is illegal to make so. So, as a research worker you may hold to wait yearss for your capable to return from gaol etc.Appendix AA participant deliberation The architecture of Sabra ‘s market Selling and interchanging money Negociating the monetary valueAppendix BScript of Informal ConversationsAdapted from Millroy ( 1992 )A. General, open-ended inquiries to do the topic talk about his life. B. More specific inquiries 1. What is your name? 2. How old are you? 3. Where are you from? 4. At which category have you dropped school? 5. How many old ages have you studied? 6. Where do you populate? 7. How old were you when you dropped school? 8. Why did you drop school? 9. For how many old ages have you been working in the market? 10. At what clip do you come to the market and when do you go forth? 11. How many are you at place? 12. Make your male parent work? 13.Have you taken add-on, minus, and generation at school? 14.Do you know how to calculate? Do you utilize paper and pencil or a reckoner? 15. What do you sell? 16. Make you sell entirely or person helps you? 17. Make you do sweeping purchases? 18. Who makes the pricing on the green goods? 19. Can you alter the monetary values, make price reductions or increase the monetary value? 20. Make you calculate net income and loss? 21. Can you give a alteration to a dollar measure? 22. Make you utilize the things you have learned in school while working in the market? 23. Make you like working in the market? 24. Make you wish your brothers to work in the market? 25. Is it profitable to work in the market? 26. When have a job do you inquire for aid from anybody? 27. Make you see traveling back to school? 28. What does it take to be a good seller?Appendix CScript for semi-structured interviewsQuestions posed were drawn from the topics ‘ natural scene, from the type of minutess used and the inquiries they may confront in their work. 1. I am traveling to take X kg of this green goods. How much is that? How do you cognize? 2. I will take X kilos. I am traveling to give you z L.L measure, what do I acquire back? How did you acquire it? 3.You are selling X kg for y L.L but I want z kg, how much do I have to wage? Why? 4.I privation to purchase X kg of this and y kg of that. How much do I have to pay? How? 5. I have X L.L. I want to take Ys kilos from this green goods, how much will I hold left? How did you happen out? I have X L.L How many kilos can I purchase with it from this green goods? How did you cognize? 7. You are selling X kg of this green goods for Y L.L, but I merely want one kg. How much does one kg cost? How did you acquire the reply? 8. Have you changed your monetary values today? By how much? Why? 9. I want Ten kg from this green goods. I will pay you with a y $ measure. How much is the alteration in $ ? In L.L? How? 10. Can you gauge how much the leftovers from this green goods weigh? How? 11. From the leftovers can you perchance think how much have you sold? How make you cognize? 12. How much have you sold today? Can you find your net income? How?Appendix DDocuments on which the sellers wrote their solutions of arithmetic jobs

How Did the Open Field System Work? Essay

When the community planted wheat year after year in a field, the nitrogen in the soil was depleted. Therefore, three-year rotations was introduced in order to retain the fertility of the soil. 3. Where and why did the agricultural revolution start? Include political, social and economic reasons. With the coming of the French Revolution, European peasants were able to improve their position by means of radical mass action. The agricultural revolution gradually spread throughout Europe beginning in the Low Countries, mainly the Dutch. The problem of soil exhaustion was solved using sophisticated patterns of crop rotation without using fallowing to increase land cultivation by 50 %. Economy was prospering because of trade and businesses. New ideas out of medieval age. 4. What was enclosure and was it a swindle of the poor by the rich? Enclosure is the term used to describe the need to enclose and consolidate scattered holdings into compact fenced-in fields in order to farm more effectively. It was not exactly a swindle of the poor by the rich because large investments were required and it imposed risks for the nobles as well. 5. What accounted for the increasing population of the 18th century? Increasing population in the 18th century was stimulated by commerce and overseas trade. 6. How was the grip of the deadly Bubonic Plague broken? Women were able to have more children because they married at a younger age due to new opportunities of employment. New improvements in water supply and sewage systems resulted in better public health and helped reduce diseases. Human beings became more successful in their efforts to safeguard supply of food in case of famine. 7. What was the putting out system? What were the advantages and disadvantages of this system for the merchant and for the worker? The putting-out system was used to describe the key features of the 18th century rural industry – for the new form of industrial production. Merchants advantages- large profits. Worker’s advantages- buy their own materials and work as independent producers before selling it to merchant.

Presentation about my classmate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presentation about my classmate - Essay Example His wife is a social worker and somehow, her job has a great influence on him as well that strengthens the effects of his son’s situation to him as a father and a person. He dreams to build a support structure where he could be a part of a bigger objective and influence to adults with disabilities. He plans to do this by creating a non-profit organization for adults with disabilities so that a positive environment can be created for them where they can still become functional and fulfilled individuals. For this person who loves the outside, making connections to it by biking and hiking, he wants to share the simple joys of the outside world with the disabled who often are put in institutions. The support structure that he dreams for them would somehow enable them to become functional human beings, able to maximize their capabilities through the help of knowledgeable people. This is what drives and inspires him to get a degree that would propel him to achieve his dreams. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome Justin

Market for Ready-Made Kids' Meals in America Case Study

Market for Ready-Made Kids' Meals in America - Case Study Example National product development involves new brands and innovative technologies aimed to deliver the best possible quality to the end consumer. American consumers are often ridiculed, chided, and scorned for their taste (Healthy, Ready Made Meals 2008). Consumers seem to be well aware of the necessity of improving tastes and satisfying aesthetic and psychological needs. First the functional, physiological, and safety aspects of products must be satisfied. Once these functional standards and values are identified and incorporated into products, the symbolic, aesthetic, and cultural dimensions, which are more related to product visibility and symbolism, become important. They are reflected in consumer purchases of good books, records, paintings, flowers, the application of better color sense, good style and design in the home, and a general upgrading of quality (Lyons 87). These seem to indicate a "better life" and appreciation for aesthetics. From social-cultural perceptive, ready-Made" Kids' Meals become very popular among all social groups. During the last five years, more and more African-Americans and Mexican consumers join the market. also, low price and easy cooking attracts low social classes and working families. During the last five years, consumers become generally more concerned with the intrinsic value or functionality of products.

Sigmund Freud Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sigmund Freud Paper - Essay Example He laid the groundwork for much psychological theory to come and developed some of the most powerful theories in the history of the discipline. Freud’s ways of thinking influenced the culture at large and lead to a large body of art, poetry, and literature. Some suggest that much of surrealism can be traced from Freud’s work. However, all of his theories have been disproved today and he is no longer relevant to academic psychologists. This is an amazing shift in influence for someone who once seemed to be at the cornerstone of human thought. Freud's many theories were incredibly influential in his lifetime and in the decades after his death. He began as a young psychologist and eventually started publishing case studies based on the patients who treated. Some of them had incredible stories to tell. From these patients he began to create elaborate psychological theories. Many of his theories were named after classical Greek characters, lending them an air of historical c redibility. The Oedipus Complex was one wherein he suggested that affected boys want to kill their father and marry their mother. Another was the Electra Complex where a woman wanted to marry her father. These were elaborate theories that gained wide currency in the culture and society. Another of Freud's main concepts was that a person's personality and many of their later problems have a source in childhood experiences. Overall, Freud pointed contemporary psychologists in a correct direction, but many of his ideas also slowed down progress. He cut a larger than life figure, and was so comprehensive in his intelligence that it could be difficult to dispute his ideas. Nowadays, however, few if any people call themselves Freudians. There is a feeling that Freudians have an unnatural predilection to examine the sexual lives of people in order to explain every problem they have. That is in part of one of Freud's legacies: that sex and death dominate and drive all human beings. They may play a role, but few psychologists today believe that these two things can explain everything. Freud's theories are not considered to be relevant today by most theorists. They are fascinating historical artifacts that show us how the discipline of psychology began more than one hundred years ago, but they are not really cited in contemporary academic papers as authorities on any subjects. Freud had a limited amount of clinical data at his disposal and a great deal of his work involved the interpretation of dreams which is now seen to be as not at all scientific. His idea that sexual identity is a main component of a person's overall identity was influential at the time, but again has been pared back in recent years to some extent. It is useful to see Freud's work as a kind of pendulum. He opened the box to so many new ideas that people immediately adopted because they were so interesting and because there was perhaps a grain of truth to them. Over the years, though, people began to drop his ideas, and the pendulum has swung back again. The truth is that times have changed. Psychologists today have much more to work with than simply what their patient told them they dreamed last night or a story about a patient's relationship with his or her father. They can measure the levels of chemicals in peoples' brains and can determine how that influences their behavior. There is no doubt that traumatic experiences can change the way people

Writing a letter to somebody Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing a letter to somebody - Assignment Example As we would be dealing with different kinds of people in the future, your presentation taught us the relevance of correct tone usage, and how important word choice can be in influencing others. Second, your presentation dealt with basic problems that people normally commit when communicating with others, such as: being too formal, too casual, or too subjective when communicating, orally or in writing, with others. Your examples made your point easier to understand. Lastly, you provided us with very helpful tips on how to appropriately compose a professional email. Clearly, all your reminders will prove to be very significant and beneficial for us in the future, when we start engaging ourselves in business activities and professional interviews. I very much appreciate the time that you have taken from your busy schedule in coming over for you to educate us with what you have expertly presented. I would be looking forward to more lectures and highly informative presentations that you may have in the

Role of the Individual in Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, Essay

Role of the Individual in Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, and Thomas Paine's Common Sense - Essay Example A free society is hard to achieve because of the competing demands of the individual and that of the state, where individual rights and collective rights often come into conflict. This paper tries to explore two views on the role of the individual in both society and politics. Discussion Man is by nature a social animal and therefore it is but inevitable that some forms of organization exist in any society, even in primitive society. No man can live alone by himself, and when this happens, some compromise has to be found between an individual's rights and that of the society to which he belongs. The usual cause of friction or conflicts in such kind of arrangement is determining the limits of the rights of an individual and that of society. This is an implicit agreement between individuals and society, the very essence of the social contract. This is a philosophical construct wherein free individuals agree to give up their natural rights in favor of being governed by a social or polit ical system for their own common protection or overall welfare, to live harmoniously with others and pursue their goals in life in peace. Along this line, the essay by Thomas Paine entitled â€Å"Common Sense† makes a lot of sense in terms of imposing order because Man finds it easier to live together than be apart but as the population increases and society grows larger and larger, the people find it necessary to craft some regulations to govern themselves and later on pass new laws to be enforced. This is the point where a formal government structure becomes a necessity and also the point where it becomes a dangerous instrument when the powers of government fall into the wrong hands. In retrospect, all present societies have this rather curious mix of government and society but in some instances, there is a disconnect between the goals and aims between these two. Taking into account the period of history when â€Å"Common Sense† was written, it is a seminal piece of political thought because it argued forcefully for independence from Great Britain at the time when the English government was viewed as extremely oppressive by the American colonies. There were many who were yet undecided on the proper course of action to take, and some thought fighting for independence was a bit extreme to redress matters. The political essay by Thomas Paine convinced those who doubted to change their minds about it, and go for broke by severing ties with the mother country. The colonial government run by the British in America no longer served its original purpose but became instead an instrument for oppression and exploitation, a government run by men and not by laws. It was not in a true sense a representative government but rather one run by a monarchy and aristocracy. The way things were before the American Revolution was a political situation where the social contract had been a failure, either by design or by default. The people clamor for the right to be h eard and represented in government. They gave up their natural rights expecting something in return from their government but got shortchanged instead. This contradicts the theory of natural rights to life, liberty and property by philosopher John Locke (Parry 12). Thomas Paine influenced public opinion that the people should re-assert their rights, and the best course of

Evaluation of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn in the Marketplace Essay

Evaluation of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn in the Marketplace - Essay Example The indexing of information provides an easy way of getting the information to the consumers on Twitter. Indexing of the information again provides the updates about the products to be got by the customers in real time. Again the method of indexing on twits can help consumers to search for more information about a particular product instantly. Twitter has improved its strategies for marketing in the business world. That is an indication of success in its development. Second, Twitter also provides new business ventures for its users. For instance, the speaker states that some users find Twitter convenient to follow states agency publications. Further, Conan indicates that there is no limitation on the number of persons to follow on twitter. In addition, it is not very necessary to follow an individual to get his or her twits. An individual can follow another user but do not follow the person and the person can read your twits. Twitter can, therefore, give one unlimited space to follow more and more Twitter accounts. In a case where one wants to explore the marketplace for business, and then the persons can understand the very diverse business area of interest. The advantages of the use Twitter, therefore, indicate the success of Twitter in the future in the marketplace. It will give a space for one to understand very diverse market area through twitter. That is an evidence of the success of Twitter in the marketplace. According to Lucy, the monthly traffic web traffic indicates that Facebook is posing much more threats to LinkedIn (1). In most of the blog posts, almost a half-dozen blogs show that Facebook is gaining dominance over Myspace in the made-up social media war. Twitter and Facebook have been integrated by their founders such that one can synchronize both Facebook and Twitter account as just update on one account, and the other account would automatically be updated.

Beyond The Last Lamp and During Wind And Rain Essay Example for Free

Beyond The Last Lamp and During Wind And Rain Essay Compare the ways in which Hardy presents reactions to the loss of loved ones in these two poems Thomas Hardy uses change and passing time as symbols of death and loss in both poems: Beyond The Last Lamp and During Wind And Rain. The title, Beyond The Last Lamp, is a metaphorical way of describing darkness as the lamp signifies light and beyond light lies darkness, a representation of pain and misery. The whole poem revolves around a supposedly grieving, mysterious couple that the speaker observes over time. During Wind And Rain is also a depressing title as the rain suggests anguish and sorrow. The wind suggests progressing time, which could be seen as life, and perhaps death because that’s what life ultimately leads up to. A family is the subject of this poem and the speaker, again, tracks their progression over time. It is said that the poem is about the family of Emma Hardy, Thomas Hardy’s wife. Time represents and is represented by several different objects in both poems. Both poems use stanzas (Beyond The Last Lamp has five stanzas and During Wind And Rain has four) to develop ideas throughout the poem and show the passing time. ‘Ah, no; the years O!’ and ‘Ah, no; the years, the years;’ are alternately used as the penultimate line in each stanza of During Wind And Rain. This gives a sense of time moving at a fast pace and it being terrible and only bringing misery as the line is followed by an image of death. Place is used in powerful metaphors associated with time, life and death, and it gives the poem its atmosphere. Beyond The Last Lamp is set in a wet, dark lane, setting a heavy and depressing atmosphere. Even the light used in the poem is used to accentuate distress, ‘Each countenance as it slowly, as it sadly caught the lamplight’s yellow glance, held in suspense a misery’. There is also a close association between people and place as the speaker only remembers the lane through the couple: ‘Without those comrades†¦that lone lane does not exist’. Contrastingly, the atmosphere of During Wind And Rain is lively and happy for the first four lines of the stanza, as it focuses on a garden and family, however, it seems like the cheerful recollection ends with an ellipsis and the speaker is almost shaken back to reality. The last line of the stanza shows the place and nature in a dramatic and ghastly way, a clashing chord to the beginning: ‘How the sick leaves reel down in throngs’, showing the uncontrollable nature of death and the autumn season. ‘Reel’ connects with the previous to lines about music, ‘they sing their dearest songs’ since as a noun it means an Irish or Scottish folk dance. ‘And the rotten rose is ript from the wall’ uses alliteration to dramatize and emphasise the suddenness and horrific nature of death. Place is used to represent time, the stanzas show a progression of seasons: summer tree. Place is also used to describe the family going to heaven: ‘They change to a high new house’. The garden is also like a metaphor for life as it shows how people try and control it although it’s uncontrollable: ‘they clear the creeping moss†¦making the pathways neat’. People are the main focal points for both poems whether it is a family or a couple. The speaker writes as an outsider, an observer of these people. The couple in Beyond The Last Lamp are first described as ‘two linked loiterers’ which is then developed to ‘the pair seemed lovers’ in the second stanza, ‘twain, in the third, ‘tragic pair’ and then ‘comrades’. Through this change in description, the speaker’s change in perspective and opinion of the couple’s relationship is visible as they deteriorate from lovers to tragic pair. Although there is deterioration, the pain is present from the beginning of the poem. Absence of happiness is used to create the sad feeling of the poem. Time represents a change for the worse. Their emotions follow a similar pattern and can also be traced from heavy thought in the first stanza, to misery in the second to wild woe in the third. The actual change from happiness to misery isnt shown extensively in the poem, but it is hinted at: no longer orbed in loves young rays. However, the family’s relationships seem to remain intact throughout During Wind And Rain. The family of During Wind And Rain are shown as happy but unaware of the way time and death can remove everything: they are blithely. This almost naà ¯ve unawareness and the sudden, unexpected loss of happiness is used to emphasise feelings of pain. Time and their growth is shown by the differing description of its members: ‘Elders and juniors’ to ‘Men and maidens’. But they all die in the last stanza: ‘Down their carved names the rain-drop ploughs’. Time in this case represents death. The speaker has two very different styles in the poems although the perspectives are just as pessimistic about life and time. The already pessimistic perspective of the speaker also worsens as the poem progresses.

Conclusions And Future Scope Engineering Essay

Conclusions And Future Scope Engineering Essay In the integrated circuit industry, the ceaseless effort to decrease critical transistor dimensions in each new technology guarantees that the prominence of electrostatic discharge will continue to grow. Devising ways to protect electronic devices against ESD is just as important as determining how to process and manufacture them because a product with susceptibility to damage will not be accepted. As a result of increasing susceptibility of devices to ESD because of miniaturization, the problem of ESD is now being dealt by most IC manufacturers and electronic system designers at several levels, from designing on-chip protection circuits to off chip protection design for systems. Once an IC is packaged and shipped to a customer, however, the in-built, on-chip protection circuit is the only means of defense against ESD damage. At the system level, the on-chip protection may not be sufficient to handle the system level ESD exposure. So off-chip or on-board protection devices are necess ary to protect the system from real world ESD. While circuit designers have successfully created robust ESD protection for past technologies, a lack of understanding of effects of ESD on various devices, circuits and systems; the mechanisms underlying ESD damage makes the susceptibility of electronic components to ESD still a hot topic of research. Mathematical analysis and estimation to calculate the induced transient voltages in shielded and unshielded cables is presented. This enables us to find the induced voltage and its rise time appearing at the terminals of the electrical equipment which are connected to such cables. This enables the designers to design protection circuits at the front-end of the equipment. The effect of ESD on logic gates, analog circuits, digital circuits, microcontrollers and complex electronics are presented. This chapter presents the contributions of this thesis toward implementing a methodology of characterization of the effects of indirect and direct ESD on various electronic components. Also the implementation of the board design and protection circuits on a custom designed microcontroller board based on an understanding of the ESD failure mechanisms of various devices and circuits is presented. This chapter covers the future scope on the research work carried out on ESD. The following results and conclusions have been arrived upon. 8.1 Overall Conclusions Mathematical equations have been developed and are implemented in MATLAB by which the coupled and induced voltages in unshielded and shielded cables can be calculated. The values of the induced voltages obtained agree with the published results by different authors. For contact discharge ESD, higher induced voltages are observed upto 10 MHz for CSD, upto 2.5 MHz for air discharge and in the 20 to 100 MHz range for all the three terminations resistive, RC shunt and CMOS device. The induced voltages are higher in the case of contact discharge compared to air discharge or CSD. The induced voltage in an unshielded cable increases with the decrease in the rise time and distance, and increase in the peak amplitude and the damping factor for the CSD current model. The peak value of the induced voltage due to IEC contact discharge ESD at 8 kV for resistive termination is 625V and 7.8 mV for RC shunt termination. The peak value of the induced voltage due to IEC air discharge ESD at 16 kV is 6.25 V and 3.25 mV for RC shunt termination. The peak value of the induced voltage at the input of a CMOS device is 14 V for contact discharge and 0.6 V for air discharge. It can be inferred that RC shunt terminations are preferred compared to the resistive or CMOS device termination as the induced voltages are in mV range. In case of shielded cable, a generic program in Visual C++ to compute the induced voltages for varying parameters of the current waveform, length, height of the cable and angle of incidence has been implemented. This can also be used to calculate induced voltages for different cable configurations. Using MATLAB, the data imported from Visual C++ is used to calculate induced voltages. The equations developed give the voltages induced whose values are in close agreement with those published by other authors. The induced voltages are investigated for braided and unbraided shielded cables. The induced voltage and current in the center conductor is larger for a braided cable compared to a non-braided cable. This analysis estimates the transient voltages appearing at the input of the system connected to the shielded cable. This estimate can be used to develop appropriate mitigation techniques to protect the sensitive system that is connected to the shielded cable. It has been calculated by simulation that in shielded cables, the voltages induced due to radiated ESD is negligible thereby reinforcing the theory that shielded cables can protect equipment from high frequency radiated fields due to ESD. The effect of variation of the parameters such the cable length, height of the cable above the ground plane and the angle of incidence of the ESD pulse has been discussed. The peak amplitude of the cable sheath current decreases correspondingly with decrease in the length of the cable. This change in the occurrence of the peak is due to smaller value of inductance in case of shorter cables as compared to long cables. The peak amplitude of the cable sheath current correspondingly decreases with increase in the height of the cable. The sheath current decreases with the increase in angle of incidence, as the induced current is function of cos  Ã‚ ±i. The induced voltage in turn depends upon sheath current and surface transfer impedance of the cable. The induced voltages for a shielded cable of length 1m, height 0.1m and angle of incidence 30o are 1.4-10-8V for braided and 6.6-10-16V for non braided cable as presented in Table 3.3. Mathematical analysis is used to model the response of Very High Frequency amplifier to ESD generated radiated EM fields. Using MATLAB the effect of the radiated fields on the induced voltages in a VHF amplifier for various distances from the ESD source is calculated. It is observed that a greater part of the energy due to ESD simulation currents has frequency components in the range of 200 to 400 MHz extending to the VHF and UHF bands. So the VHF amplifier is susceptible to ESD events in this frequency range. If the distance between the ESD generator and the pickup antenna is decreased, the peak magnitude of the voltage coupled to the amplifier input terminals increases. The amplitude of the fields at antenna terminals, open circuit voltage at antenna input terminals, voltage at the input and output of the amplifier decreases sharply with increase in distance from ESD source. It has been observed that the induced voltages at the amplifier input terminals can be as high as 7.446 V with a rise time of approximately 1 ns for a distance of 0.5 m between the ESD generator and the pickup antenna as given in Table 4.1. This can cause malfunction of the electronic circuitry inside the amplifier. The spice circuit modeling with transient analysis concurs with the experimental results for air discharge on analog circuits. The zero crossing detector built with an opamp is more susceptible to ESD when compared to the RC phase shift oscillator built with discrete components. It is experimentally verified and the modeling also revealed that the oscillator circuit using discrete components took some time to come back to its initial working condition after the ESD discharge due to the slow discharge of the charges accumulated. In the indirect discharge it is seen that the ESD effect depends on both distance and discharge voltage. Higher discharge voltage and shorter distances produce larger transients and distortions in analog circuits. Direct air discharge of 15kV at the ZCD input damaged the opamp but the oscillator recovered after 750 µs. Direct air discharge of 15kV at oscillator output affects the output of oscillator for 1.4ms. The ZCD output remains high till the sine wave output of oscillator circuit recovers. The spice modeling also give the same results for discharge at oscillator output. In the radiative coupling the transient appearing on the ZCD output could be due to differential mode and the common mode could not be investigated. In the direct air discharge conducted at the input point of the ZCD circuit, there could be two types of coupling the direct capacitor coupling to circuit and near field coupling for the common mode. In this case also the common mode was not investigated, so the transients shown are only differential mode. In the direct air discharge at oscillator output, the differential mode and common mode transients were seen. But the voltage probes and current probes of high voltage and low rise time of 1ns range with an accuracy of less than 5% were not available. Hence the initial rise time and the maximum amplitude of the transient could not be measured experimentally with good accuracy. The digital switching circuit without decoupling capacitors at Vcc malfunctioned when an ESD event occurred at a distance of 35 cm from the circuit. The transient affected only the data stream and the circuit stopped functioning. Post discharge analysis revealed that Binary counter IC SN74LS393N had failed functionally (all output pins were malfunctioning). The importance of adding decoupling capacitors to the supply point of each of the ICs is verified. Experiments carried out to study the response of data to ESD in a digital switching circuit with decoupling capacitors at Vcc reveal that the effect of ESD on the data and clock depends on the position of trigger and also the plane of coupling. During discharge onto the horizontal coupling plane (HCP), the instance of occurrence of the discharge (when Data and Clock are High or Low) played an important role on the effect of ESD on the output data stream. When both data and clock are High, increase in data amplitude or data inversion occurs and also there is increase in the amplitude of clock. The distance at which the pulse is discharged onto the HCP reflects on the amplitude of the transient. During discharge onto the vertical coupling plane (VCP) there is a loss of data and transient with more than 50V peak amplitude is introduced. The discharge to VCP affected the digital data more than the discharge to HCP. Experiments are also carried out by varying the values of decoupling capacitors in the digital switching circuit and it is observed that smaller the value of decoupling capacitor, the more susceptible the circuit becomes to ESD. The decoupling capacitor with higher value of capacitance (0.47 µF) offered better immunity to ESD in our digital circuit because of its ability to pass only lower frequencies thereby rejecting the high frequency ESD transients. Experimental investigations of the TTL and CMOS logic gates reveal that CMOS devices are more susceptible to ESD than TTL devices due to the presence of a dielectric media in CMOS devices which can easily breakdown at high voltages. The output of CMOS logic gates deteriorated after ESD stress and did not recover after reset. It is verified experimentally that the susceptibility of a circuit to ESD in the mixed mode circuit can be greatly reduced by properly grounding it. In the mixed mode circuit used, the data is affected more by transients of various voltages based on the discharge voltage given when the analog and digital grounds are common. This reiterates the fact, when the analog and digital grounds are common the high frequency return paths from the digital ground (astable multivibrator circuit using 555 Timer) reach the analog ground (inverting amplifier using opamp) and affect the output. In the mixed mode circuit used when the analog and digital grounds are separated there are no transients due to ESD in the analog output. Hence separate analog and digital grounds are recommended. Direct air discharge of 12 kV twice on the GPIO pin of the custom designed 8 bit microcontroller diagnostic circuit resulted in the impedance of the board becoming very low implying there is a dead short between the VDD and the VSS rails of the microcontroller. The microcontroller shut itself down by enabling the thermal shutdown feature. The failure of all the three designed diagnostic tests involving digital ports, UART and PWM channels are observed. It is observed that the failure in the 8-bit microcontroller is through the Vcc and Ground pins when the ESD event was closer to these pins. This may be because of the capacitor across Vcc and Ground discharging into these pins due to the ESD event. For the ESD event at other pins, mostly malfunction was observed. The MSP430 launchPad with 16 bit microcontroller is quite immune to ESD owing to its inbuilt design and ESD considerations. This is confirmed experimentally by performing indirect and direct ESD tests at specified standard voltages. However direct contact discharge of 8kV given to the Tx-Rx pins of the jumper array resulted in the damage of the communication port of the 16 bit microcontroller MSP 430G2231 IC. The microcontroller MSP 430G2231 is found to be not communicating with the software and the program is not executable. The communication port (Rx-Tx pins) needs protection in the form of TVS diodes. The 8 bit microcontroller system configured to do a diagnostic check of its functioning during an ESD event had no extra on-board protection devices other than the on- chip protection. The 8 bit microcontroller did not withstand the IEC recommended up to 15kV air discharge perhaps because it was designed on a two layer PCB board. The MSP 430 launch pad with the 16 bit microcontroller on a four layer PCB was designed keeping in mind the ESD considerations. The 16 bit microcontroller also did not withstand the IEC recommended upto 8kV contact discharge at the communication port perhaps because of lack of extra protection. Continuous discharges on 8 bit microcontroller led to its thermal shutdown. But the continuous discharges on the 16 bit and 32 bit did not result in thermal shutdown perhaps because it was designed on four layer boards. All the observations from the previous tests and conclusions are put to use in the custom designed four layer board with 32 bit microcontroller interfaced with various components like the UART, audio interface, USB, LCD display and key matrix. All the standard design rules for PCB design are followed in the custom designed microcontroller test boards one populated with components having in-built on-chip protection and another board with extra off-chip on-board protection devices. In the custom designed 32 bit microcontroller system on four layer board it is observed that the placement of components on the board and board design played an important role in the systems sturdiness to ESD. The adherence to standard design rules such as split ground and power planes; proper component placement to minimize loop area; power supply decoupling using ferrite beads and decoupling capacitors; placement of connectors, user interfaces and output devices at the edges of the board; separating analog and digital sections has made the microcontroller boards quite rigid against ESD. Also the on-board protection devices at strategic locations such as the input/output, data and power points, communication port and at the input points of the interfaces in the custom designed 32 bit microcontroller system plays a vital role in the robustness of the system. The adherence to standard design rules has made the microcontroller board with components having in-built on-chip protection also quite rigid against ESD. The board with on-chip protection is affected by ESD with problems like malfunction or reset on power on with a damaged LCD interface module. The other board has extra on-board protection devices like ferrite bead used to isolate the noisy digital section from the analog section, decoupling capacitors for power supply decoupling, schottky diode used for ESD protection of USB and TVS diodes used at input points of microcontroller, LCD display, audio amplifier, UART and USB. The board with extra on-board protection devices has only temporary resets and is hardly affected by ESD, and the interface modules are also functioning normally. So experimentally it has been concluded that with adherence to board design and just in-built, on-chip protection the damages are mitigated but malfunctions occur which only recover on hard reset on pow er ON whereas with extra on-board protection devices included, the damages are completely eliminated, malfunctions are reduced and only temporary reset occurs. It can be concluded that not only standard board design rules need to be implemented it is also necessary to provide on-board protection against ESD by choosing appropriate protection devices and placing them at appropriate and strategic locations like the input pins and supply pins of the device. Experiments of direct air discharge are conducted on the insulators in FPGA/CPLD kit like seven segment LED display, LCD and FRC, and contact discharge conducted on the metal points like the switches, pins and the mounting screws. An air discharge of 8 kV on Liquid Crystal Display distorts the data but resets with power ON and an air discharge of 15kV damages the data on the LCD which cannot be restored on reset. An air discharge of 2kV and 4kV had no effect whereas an air discharge of 8 kV and 15 kV distorted the output on seven segment LED display but the display reset to normal with power ON. A contact discharge of 2 kV and 4kV on the HEX keys feeding the data to seven segment display had no effect but a contact discharge of 8 kV shorted the keys which in turn displayed wrong display data. All these devices had only on-chip protection by the manufacturer and these devices needed off-chip, on-board protection devices to make them less susceptible to ESD. Huge transients are observed when air discharge is carried out on the FRC cables connected to the DAC module. When a contact discharge of 2 kV is given on the input pin 187 of the mother baseboard the DAC output voltage reduces. FPGA 3s50 IC is affected during this contact discharge on the input pin. The DAC ICs are affected during the ESD discharge one due to direct ESD effects and the other due to indirect ESD effects. CPLD 9572 IC is also affected by ESD. Because of the ESD discharge in the surrounding and on the input pin of the FPGA/CPLD kit, the ceramic capacitor in the SMPS power supply connected to the kit has shorted and found to be damaged. This is an after-effect observed after the ESD test. The damaged capacitor has been instrumental in contributing to the damage of the FPGA and CPLD ICs. Decapping of the FPGA and CPLD ICs confirmed the failure of these ICs due to ESD. The input/output pin bond pad and the metatop layer of FPGA 3s50 IC is damaged and there is dielectric breakdown observed in CPLD 9572 IC which makes these devices highly susceptible to ESD. Future Scope Much effort has been put into characterizing the effect and impact of ESD on individual ICs, on different designed circuits and few systems such as FPGA/CPLD kit, microcontroller units with various interfaces. However, less time has been spent in modeling all of these circuits/systems and to observe their behavior towards ESD using simulation tools. An effort in mathematical modeling and simulation has however been done with susceptibility of electronic system and cables due to radiated ESD fields. Also circuit modeling has been done for the analog circuits. The experimental based conducted susceptibility tests on various electronic components have resulted in some new results. Some of these results have reiterated some of the known facts and some results have given rise to new thoughts in implementing ESD protected circuit/system. ESD threat level variation to electronic components depends on the discharge voltage of ESD source, discharge point, structure and design of the component. ESD threat to components mounted in systems may significantly vary from the threat to unmounted, individual components. New models need to be designed to predict the condition while the device is working in the system and using the computer simulations it is necessary to predict the ESD voltage, power and energy threats to system-mounted component. This is one area where the experimental results can be compared with the simulated results and the source of the threat, the point of discharge and its impact on the system can be confirmed. Also new protection schemes can be adapted to make the system less susceptible to ESD. Another area of interest where ESD tests can be conducted is in the area of high speed radio frequency (RF) circuits and systems. As the demand for wireless (RF) and high-speed mixed-signal systems continues to increase rapidly, providing sufficient ESD protection for these systems poses a major design and reliability challenge. This is due to the fact that in applying ESD protection to these systems, the protection system must be transparent the protection circuit must not affect the signal under normal operating conditions. A poorly designed protection system can generate impedance mismatches, causing reflections of signals, corruption of signal integrity, and inefficient power transfer between the signal pin and the core circuit. Broadband RF system protection because of ESD parasitic capacitance poses a greater challenge; alternate protection schemes may be necessary. This necessitates us to first understand effect of ESD on these high speed RF systems. However, there is little published information that provides performance analysis of RF circuits with various ESD protection design options scheme, which is attractive for operations in the multi-GHz regime.

Project Management and Hemas Holdings

Project Management and Hemas Holdings 1.1 Introduction on the Project Management and Hemas Holdings FMCG.   Ã‚   Project Management can be expressed as the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. Project Management has its long history which was practiced informally and has been officially recognised and emerged in mid of the 20th century in distinctly.   The global body for project management which is Project Management Institute USA facilitate the concept and it is comprehensively explained in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) further (PIM, 2017). In meeting successfulness of the project, it is vital to understand and plan the project cycle. Project cycle is the key concept which is discussed massively in the subject of Project Management and it has been acknowledged as the methodical sequence of cohesive set of tasks which are quantified, accomplished in stages, in ensuring the success of the project (Forsberg, 2005). Hemas Holding PLC, with a renowned history of 65 years, has become a key blue chip company diversified in to five main sectors. The sectors are namely FMCG, Health care, Leisure, Transport (logistic) and other. Hemas FMCG serving the Sri Lankan customer base via its wide range of products and services. The group seized a strategic moving to the next level through the acquisition J.L. Morison Son Jones (Ceylon) PLC. Also as a move in managed succession plan, Hemas invited Mr Steven Enderby to the Board offering the position of Chief Executive Officer. The flag ship products such as Baby Cheramy the Hemas brand has won the Sri Lankan mothers loyalty for nearly 60 years (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). 1.2 Project requirements. The purpose of upgrading SAP 6.0 HANA to SAP S4 HANA at HEMAS FMCG sector was to enhance the Enterprise Resource Planning (referred to as ERP going forward) culture within the organisation. The rapidly growing business which pumps the highest revenues portion which is 38% needs to be fully monitored (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). The controls needs to be well set and deviations need to be reported in a timely manner.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Figure 1 FMCG Sector Vs. Group performance 1.3 Hemas FMCG strategy and feasibility of the ERP project. Hemas founded under the vision of Enriching Lives and they do focus on it heavily. Hemas history has shaped the ways and means that is se the potential. The consistent effort in generating organic as well as inorganic growth had positively impacted on enriching the value of the Hemas stakeholders today. The ERP project implementation will help the organisation to be well aligned to its Vision 2020, concept and there five-year strategic plan (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). The advancement in terms of the SAP 6.0 will allow the HEMAS FMCG sector to cater to the customer requirements and to meet demand. This would decommission most of supporting systems bring all them under one system in an advance tech platform. 1.4 SAP 6.0 to SAP S4 Feasibility study. The project on HEMAS FMCG, SAP 6.0 HANA upgrade intends further improvements in to the EPR that they operate at the moment and this system upgrade will managed by the global SAP Functional team and the handing over will happen to the   Hemas Corporate IT. The creation of blue print copy will be done by this team and also hey will do the pilot run planning and monitoring at FMCG sector offices located in Colombo (Head Office), Dankotuwa (Factory and Walisara (Finish good warehouse).   Hence upgrading ERP in Hemas FMCG will be driven by the experienced global SAP team which will be and also will be facilitated by Attune Lanka. Attune is the local consultant for SAP implementation and upgrades. Attune has shown is positive track records in SAP related projects. The company is very experienced in SAP implementation which is attached to MAS group. Attune with its localized experience they support the implementation and upgrade tasks locally while connecting the procedures with the global consultants and the locally based end users. The SAP S4 Project needs be sponsored with US $1.5 Mn and this is forecast base on number of operators involved in the Sri Lankan operations. The approximate costing was carried out based on similar projects which were carried out for different agency offices. The Hemas group will be funded the full project which will be repaid to the group by the FMCG sector in 5 years time. This is possible as the Revenue growth % is at 20.2% for 2016 (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). 2.1 Statement of work (SOW) Hemas FMCG sector SAP 6.0 HANA Upgrade to SAP S4 will have the following critical areas as per the Statement of work. Scope of work Upgrade of SAP ERP will bring in all the functions such as Demand Planning team, Material Requisition team, Procurement, Stores, Quality Assurance, Finance, Marketing and HR. Currently HR is not integrated within the ERP but with SAP S4 HANA the Hemas FMCG will be fully integrated. Since the data is currently is the same platform the integration will not be complex and time consuming. Following will be the main functions which will enjoy the facilities of the system upgrade. Demand Planning Material planning Procurement OP (Purchase Ordering) process Production Production planning Stores/ Warehouse GRN (Goods Receive) and stock control Quality Assurance Quality check and release Raw material Finance General Ledger and Financial reporting Marketing and distribution- Releasing the Finish goods to the market Project duration/ Budget The expected time for the upgrade is 6 months starting form upgrade, pilot run and handing over. This will include the initial test run as well as most critical go live phase. The total SAP S4 upgrade is spitted in to phases for the monitoring and control purpose. The funds need to be allocated to manage the cost and expenses. Hence a budget is allocated separately which is USD 1.5 Mn. SAP S4 Project time lines SAP S4 HANA Gantt chart on Deliverables Key deliverables of the project The key goal is to successfully upgrade the SAP 6.0 HANA in to the SAP S4 HANA. Hemas FMCG Sector intends to integrate the Human Resource (HR) function also to the ERP which in not at present. The SAP S4 platform will enhance the integrity and will improve the communication which will be faster and safer in an email based operation. Efficiency improvements will occur in the eventuality. Responsibility and authority The SAP Upgrade Project team headed by the Hemas FMCG sector Project Manager will be the ultimate responsible party where as all team member of the project team will have an equal portion of the responsibility to deliver the a successful SAP upgrade. Mainly the time lines and the level of success will be monitored and the budget needs to be managed. The SAP Upgrade Project manager will be appointed by the Hemas FMCG Sector management were the member form each functional are will be added to make the presence and brining in ideas to meet the specific expectations of the project. The project manager focus is to monitor the project with the assistance of the functional consultants. Attune Lanka will be responsible for the realizing the project in meeting expected results. In order to make the project a success the Project manager needs to be provided with Resource in terms of Human Capital as well as knowledge, equipment and funds. Scope will provide necessary guide line which the project team will follow where the excellent level of leadership will drive the team live for its results. According to Laufer, it is clear that comprehensive understanding of the project via clear scope will facilitate the Project Manger to monitor the deadlines and cost factors ensuring no overrun in the two elements (Laufer, 2012). Project planning, phase monitoring, releasing the resource on time actions on deviation and contingency palling are critical elements. Communication gaps needs to be narrowed down where keeping the entire set of stake holder on the same page with updated information. 2.2 Work Breakdown Structure of the SAP S4 HANA upgrade project. The project at Hemas FMCG sector on SAP ERP 6.0 HANA upgrade to S4 HANA will flow through 6 months which is starting form the Project Kick off team formation to Go-live signoff. The total project can be broadly split in to key 5 areas which are clearly shown within in Project Life Cycle (PLC) as below. Scope definition Understanding the goal of the project is vital which happens in this stage. The GAP analysis will facilitate the stakeholders to understand Where are we and Where we need to go. The basic planning comes in handy whereas project time lines and resource identification and finalisation occur. Project SAP S4 planning After the resource are finalised the deliverables will be clearly defined and responsibilities of each and every member of the team will be explained recorded and with authority levels to act upon. Planning and Segregation duties will be performed by the Project manager which needs to be rolled out with proper decision making and leadership. Execution control Monitoring and control of the SAP project is while the project is on the go is a staple action needs to be taken during this stage. Basically implementation, review and control occur ensuring schedules are on track. Deviations needs to be monitored and problem solving and decision making plays a major roll during the session. Also the updated information needs to be reported to key stakeholders at the Hemas FMCG Sector. Project evaluation In terms of evaluation the testing is carried out as in the execution stage the project is on-going and controlled to meet the desired outcomes. The testing is carried out by deriving reports where the Test Data in faded to the system and checked against the previous report whether the output is correct and process is smooth. All testing results and outcomes needs to be kept in documented form and the progress will be reported Completion Focusing on the Project Life Cycle this is the last stage of the project, where an assessment is done against actual and expected outcomes. The delivery of the project results and handing over the project is occurred. The experience and the leanings of the overall project are identified via a post completion audit and the points are recorded to be used in future projects. The explanations for any deviations of the SAP S4 HANA upgrade will be reported with actions taken. As per Allen, the final user acceptance testing needs to be carried out and performed during completion stage and results needs to be checked and verified against project plan (Allen, 2004). Work Break down structure for the SAP S4 HANA upgrade project can be developed as provided below. The work is divided in to main five phases considering the project life cycle. The sub tasks are the reflector of the main ones. 3.1 Network Diagram The success of the project is what everyone intends. The priorities of each project are different to each other. The Network diagram represents the priorities that need to be in the SAP upgrade project demonstration the sequence of the activities allowing the Project management team to focus on the critical path which project should flow. Having the network diagram and understanding the critical path of activities create more visibility about the tasks processed and in the same time tasks can be managed in order to assist utmost vital tasks of the entire project which cannot be compromised at any cost (Young, 2000). In order to identify the dependencies between the activities the below predecessor table needs to be prepared. Then the Network Diagram will be drawn based on the predecessor table where the Project team will engage in following tasks. Gathering necessary resources the right team Identifying each sub tasks which supports the key task Putting the tasks in the sequence (along with dependencies) Allocating sufficient time for each of the tasks Calculating the least possible time for the most time consuming will identified as critical path finally. Calculate the earliest completion and latest completion times Finalise and review the diagram via a brainstorming session 3.2 Network diagram Critical Path These two are popular terms discussed in Project management which facilitate the project deadlines demonstrating the time frames in graphical for. 4.1 Proposed budget for the project. The cost factor is critical for any project as SAP upgrade. The budget needs to be managed by the project management team. When there are low budgets and restriction it will hinder the progress and the success of the SAP project. A well-managed budget helps to manage the funds and to optimal utilisation of resources. Also even the ultimate responsibility is to manage the budget is with the Project manager, the each and every team member needs to make sure that the tasks they are working on are operating and activated on time were the time factor can make a huge effect on the Budget if it gets dragged. Experienced gained form prior project related to implementation or upgrade will help the project manager and his team in ascertaining the spending patterns. . This specific project on SAP system upgrade will not be that tough as the SAP ERP 6.0 is already running live at the Hemas FMCG sector from 2005. During the progression of the project if the team decides that resource needs to be enhanced additional resources needs to be allocated which will result in Budget expansions. 4.2 Cost distribution plan SAP upgrade. The cost distribution plan demonstrates that the cost or rather the expense level at each stage of the project. This can be broken into weeks. Total spending against the each phase spending can be recognised via the cost distribution plan. Any deviation in the project which occurs subsequently will require additional funds to be spent. The cost distribution plan ensures that the organization is exactly planning the expenditure and the timing of the cost in the most appropriate manner. Hemas FMCG sector SAP S4 upgrade can be shown via the Cost distribution plan as below. (Values in USD 000s). There can be any type of the Project but Project quality management engages with all the controls and monitoring with regard to the quality of the project, as that aspect it expected by all the stakeholder as a key result of the project. The aspect of Quality Management can be discussed as follows. Level of Customer Satisfaction The project goal in to get derive the project goals and to witness the advantages of the project. Mostly a project is carried out to fulfil the customer requirements. When considering the SAP S4 HANA system the upgrade form SAP 6.0 HANA, the end users expect to enjoy the latest facilities in deriving report with more information, processing activities faster, more integration, user friendliness etc. Also since the HR will also get integrated to the Hemas FMCG sector operation via the system upgrade will result in a fully-fledged SAP experience in the eventuality. Continuous Enhancement The competition is at another level as is immense in the modern era. There is no time to relax. An ERP system facilitates the entire operation of the organisation to   it will help the continuous improvement in terms of Total Quality Management (TQM) and concepts such as Zero Defects, Six sigma. The Hemas FMCG sector had a growth of 23% against 2015 financial year, and will be growing at a rate. Hence the sector needs more focus in the improving continuously (Hemas Annual Report, 2016). Prevention over examination The cost of quality measurements are considered under this whether it is discussed that precautionary actions will help the organisation to succeed. This can be further discussed as cost of conformance and non-conformance. Basically the system upgrade in to SAP S4 will help Hemas FMCG to further look in to prevention and examinations while to operations grow at a rate. 5.1 Quality Assurance The topic of Quality Plan describes the identification of quality requirements of the projects and ensures the project is carried out within the quality boundaries. The output of a proper quality plan will be quality management plan, quality metrics and the fact of quality enhancements which is also known as process improvements plan. Quality Assurance can be broadly defined as the plan and systematic actions executed in a quality system in order to ensure the quality requirements for a specific product or service will be fulfilled. When considering the quality assurance techniques cost benefit analysis, cost of quality, benchmarking, control check lists and Fish borne diagrams are discussed. Cost of Quality The expenses that occur in Quality Management process is discussed in detail where and more focus will be to Prevention cost as that can be managed internally via improvements whereas Appraisal cost in external which the customers of Hemas FMCG get to know. Benchmarking Comparing the SAP 4S at Hemas with another organisation which is already will allows the project team and the stakeholder to identify how the system upgrade is and the success rate. What is to be learnt and how Hemas FMCG could improve the performance of the overall organisation. Flow charts The flow chart represents the sequence of the project progress in a graphic manner. Also this enables the SAP S4 project team to visualize the associated points and processes of the upgrade. Key decision points are identified via the chart and close monitoring can be done based on the identified facts. 5.2 Quality Control After the completion of the Project the Quality control mechanism takes place focusing on principles of the quality assurance. Quality control check is vital action that needs to be taken to verify whether the output of the project of SAP S4 system upgrade has been executed without any deviations from the original plan. The completed project will not have any advantage of this as this is an audit done upon post completion however the learning point of the upgrade project can be carry forward to make sure the future projects are performed with more care and control (Project Management Institute, 2017). The Risk Management plan is another crucial factor of a project as this facilitates in identification of risk of the specific project, assessing the risk and mitigating the risk. The risk exposure of the Hemas FMCG sector can be identified as follows. Risk identification Lack of high level of integrations HR functions separately Low level of requirement gathering and understanding No having sufficient knowledge by the end user on tacking the SAP S4 HANA Incomplete user acceptance procedure Lack of proper testing by the end user Risk of not completing in 2017 Q4 as planned Risk of budget over run in terms of cost and time 6.2 Risk assessment The risk exposures will help the risk assessment. This needs to be done with the comprehensive understanding of rick level and probability of occurrence. The practicality will also need to be counted in assessing the risk. Prior knowledge in SAP 6.0 HANA implementation occurred in 2005 will be useful in upgrading the existing ERP system at Hemas FMCG sector to the next level which is SAP S4 HANA. Maintenance of a risk register along with the risk assessment is the responsibility of the project team where the information needs to be shared in a frequent manner with the relevant parties in order to eliminate risks as much as possible to ensure the success of the SAP S4 upgrade project. Proper documentation and monitoring is important. SAP S4 HANA upgrade at Hemas FMCG identified risks in the risks identification phase will be utilised in processing the risk assessment as below. 6.3 Risk mitigation plan Risk mitigation is all about taking action for the per-identified risks and taking prompt action to diminish the negative impact which arises from them based on the priorities identified via the risk assessment. The Risk identified needs to address as below. Lack of high level of integrations HR functions separately The HR function not being integrated to the system leads to communication gaps. Hence the risk of brining in HR function Low level of   requirement gathering and understanding The risk of not gathering important information on the requirements will change the scope and having a reasonable level of braining storming with members form all the function will mitigate the risk. No having sufficient knowledge by the end user on tacking the SAP S4 HANA It is pointless having sophisticated systems if the end users do not know how to use them. Ultimately the investment will be just another useless project. The end users need to be given proper training which motivates them to use the system frequently without any fear. Incomplete user acceptance procedure All the users are required to accept the system via proper documentation. This is important is change management as smooth the users needed to get shifted to the new system in an appropriate way. Lack of proper testing by the end user This needs to be mitigated by running several test runs and 100% accuracy test which is the only method to do so. Risk of not completing in 2017 Q4 as planned Project plan execution at its best will remove any risk in delaying the project. The project team needs to coordinate well and execute the actions on time as agreed. Any deviations need to be communicated clearly with prior hand allowing the Project manager to take precautionary actions. Hemas financial year ends by 31st March 2018 and the on time completion will allows the Hemas FMCG to do a parallel run in the SAP S4 HANA. Risk of budget over run in terms of cost and time Budget needs to be managed as that has being agreed after a proper analysis which is USD 1.5 Mn. The perfect execution of project plan will mitigate this risk. Also having a supplementary budget for contingency will always help. Communication which leads to lot of issues due the gaps is the procedures. There is a paramount importance of proper communication for the success of the project. As per the SAP upgrade in Hemas FMCG sector there are key stake holders including Project team, management of FMCG sector, group IT, group Internal Audit team, shareholders etc. who needs to be managed with proper information. Hence communication plan will help to execute that smoothly. Sound level of communication needs to be handled by the project manager by himself and which will be replicated the project team member in the eventuality (Kliem, 2007). Communication plan needs to be equipped with, Standard format and levels of communication The modes which are intended to use Calls, Meetings, Memos, and Conference Calls etc. Responsibility of communication flow Frequency   of the and the activities which is communicated formally and informally How to fulfil the requirements of stakeholders in terms of communication. Timing and controls. In managing the communication requirements of the SAP S4 upgrade the below communication plan can be utilised. Hemas FMCG Sector SAP ERP system upgrade will be a challenge as the success of the project has a major impact to the Group as FMCG sector is the key revenue generator with 38% contribution. The challenges and the complexities can be managed via comprehensive understanding and smooth function of the project management methodology. The said project team need to be armed and equipped with necessary resources and skills to ensure a success of the upgrade project. It is a very critical move that the management decided by cultivating the idea of the SAP system upgrade. The intended results can be achieved as the report emphasise the face of on time quality deliverable in all the tasks of the full project. As mentioned above the leadership of the Project manager and the active participation of the team members are also critical as they are the driving force of the SAP upgrade process in to SAP S4 HANA in Hemas FMCG Sector. Also following proper quality plan, risk management plan and communication plan project team will be more prepared to possible issues that may arise in the project.